Xenophon (c. 430–354 BCE) was an Athenian soldier, historian, and student of Socrates. He also wrote some of the earliest practical treatises on riding. In On Horsemanship, the work in which he gives advice on choosing and training a war-horse, he combines hands-on stable knowledge with a clear training philosophy that still feels modern.
What makes his work so relevant today is its equine psychology and training ethic. Xenophon argues that training should not be harsh because “nothing forced can ever be beautiful.” He wants a horse that responds to aids with understanding and pride, showing quality “of his own free will” (On Horsemanship XI.6). That is what makes good riding for him.
Finally, Xenophon stresses how much horses and humans share. The same old maxim applies to both: excess ruins enjoyment and performance. That reminder anchors today’s riding in fairness, clarity, and partnership. It also frames the horse as a partner, whose willing participation is essential.
Marble bust of Xenophon of Athens (l. 430 to c. 354 BCE), dated to circa 120 CE.